David Foster Wallace Revision Essay

On May 21, 2005, David Foster Wallace starts his address to the graduating class of Kenyon College by making an analogy about three fish passing by one another. The older fish throws a comment out to the two younger â€Å"How’s the water?† (Wallace 1) to which the younger two fish pose the question, â€Å"What the hell is water?† (Wallace 1) In explanation of said story, Wallace interprets it by saying â€Å"The point of the fish story is [†¦] the most obvious [†¦] realities are often the ones that are the hardest to see and talk about.† (Wallace 1) An abundance of Wallace’s speech is him presenting different stories and analogies about knowledge being not â€Å"the capacity to think, but rather about the choice of what to think about.† (Wallace 1) Wallace goes on with another moral story about the â€Å"banal platitudes† of the adult life explaining if you don’t consciously choose what and how you’re going to think about a thing you’re going to be â€Å"pissed and miserable† (Wallace 1) On further expanding that thought, David states â€Å"there are totally different ways to think[†¦]† (Wallace 1) Wallace’s speech centers around â€Å"[†¦]the freedom of real education is[†¦] you get to consciously decide what has meaning and what doesn’t.† (Wallace 1) Read more: Good people by david foster wallace essay Wallace shifts, telling a story about two men in a bar debating over the existence of God. One of the men is an Atheist, while the other man is religious. Both of the men have a â€Å"blind certainty† in their beliefs, which  is what Wallace says the men’s problem is. Magnifying that thought, Wallace goes on stating â€Å"closed-mindedness [†¦] amounts to an imprisonment so total that the prisoner doesn’t even know he’s locked up.† (Wallace 1) He says â€Å"you decide what to believe† also reinforcing that you also decide how to think. Wallace continues, urging the critical analysis of what and how you think, giving the example it is â€Å"basic self-centeredness† (Wallace 1) to think of yourself as the â€Å"absolute center of the universe. (Wallace 1) Wallace explains that, to critically analyze your thoughts you must break â€Å"free of [your] natural, hard wired default setting.† (Wallace 1) which is to see everything through â€Å"the lens of self† Wallace ends his speech with a statement on the critical analysis of what and how you think and keeping an open mind saying it is hard to â€Å"stay conscious and alive in the adult world day in and day out.† (Wallace 1) Work Cited Wallace, David Foster. â€Å"Transcription of the 2005 Kenyon Commencement Address- May 21, 2005.† Kenyon College Graduation Ceremony. Kenyon College Gambien, OH. 21 May 2005. Commencement Address.

Social Class and Redneck Neighbor

Marketing 542 January 23, 2010 Clash of the Classes: Middle vs. High Proles What was once categorized by the rich and the poor, it is undoubted that society today cannot be so easily defined. In the words of Jennifer Steinhauer, â€Å"One thing modernity brought with it was all kinds of identities, the ability for people to choose who you want to be, how you want to decorate yourself, what kind of lifestyle you want. † With this vast amount of â€Å"identities† comes the need for a more structured class designation as well as a process for de-blurring the lines between them. While Paul Fussell has recognized nine classes in this country, the focus of this analysis will rely on two of them: Middle and High Proletarian, or High Proles. The researched differences between these groups will be examined and then related to the real-world example of Redneck Neighbor. Marketing practices and how they can be applied to this situation will also be referenced. As noted, Fussel recognizes nine classes and has them separated into three segments: high brow, middle brow, and low brow. At the top of the high brow segment lays Middle class and then High Proles just below it. While the two classes may be adjacent to one another, the fact that Middle is just one class away from the high brows says enough for them to have a completely different set of distinguishable attributes. It is this â€Å"so close, but not close enough† mentality of the Middle class that explains their desires and state of mind. According to Fussel, the Middle class is the most insecure class and practically obsessed with doing the right thing. Not only do they try to keep up with the high brows in what they consume, but also by how they consume it. Thorstein Veblen says it best with â€Å"Closely related to the requirement that the gentleman must consume freely and of the right kind of goods, there is the requirement that he must know how to consume them in a seemly manner. † The Middle class is constantly worried about their own style and associate themselves (sometimes imaginably so) with money, power and taste. Conversely, High Proles are â€Å"†¦not consumed with worry about choosing the correct status emblems, these people can be remarkably relaxed and unself-conscious. They can do, say, wear, and look like pretty much anything they want without undue feelings of shame, which belong to their betters, the middle class†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Fussell, pg. 46). It appears as though the Middle class works very hard to hide the fact that they aren’t in the high brow segment while High Proles are proud to be who they are and don’t care what others think. The middle class is petrified of falling down in ranking and the High Proles aren’t really striving to get ahead. It is this clear contrast between the classes that makes the Redneck Neighbor story so relevant and support the findings of various researchers. Based on the above information, it is clear that the author of the website is a member of the Middle class while the neighbor, or John Doe #8 (JD8), is a High Prole. Coinciding with their obsession to look the part and not â€Å"fall down† in class, it makes sense that the author is terrified of being associated with his lower classed neighbor. He makes complaints to the police on numerous occasions, tells his friends every single detail of his neighbor’s existence to the point where he feels the need to start his own website documenting it for the whole world to see. This is his attempt to save face and let everyone know that he disagrees with the â€Å"manner of consumption† by his neighbor. This supports Veblen’s quote â€Å"Since the consumption of these more excellent goods is an evidence of wealth, it becomes honorific; and conversely, the failure to consume in due quantity and quality becomes a mark of inferiority and demerit. † While talking to the builder, the author quotes â€Å"†¦ the builder starts referring to the neighbor in a less-than-amicable fashion – someone else on my side! Perhaps he feels a bit guilty for his privacy invading actions but is able to justify himself by hearing someone with the same demeanor. One of the biggest mistakes the author makes is associating JD8’s social class with money and the car he drives. As Fussel points out, â€Å"It’s not riches alone that defines these classes† (pg. 27). And we know from Steinhauer’s example of entry level luxury ca rs that in these days, the kind of car you drive cannot be directly related to your worth or class. Additionally, Veblen’s idea of consumption in the city versus country comes into play. Since the residents are in the suburbs (or country), it is pretty much known throughout the town the value of each home/family. This fear is expressed by the author when he says, â€Å"I can see the property value falling faster than his mailbox post. † Even with all of the accused faux pas, it does not appear that JD8 is intentionally trying to provoke others. Contrary to the previous statement of High Proles not trying to get ahead, it does appear that the neighbor is making an attempt to update his property with the common items found in the neighborhood: mailbox post, fish pond, herb garden and flagpole. But going back to the research findings of Fussell and Veblen, it is not the fact that he is trying to install these items but that he is doing them in the â€Å"wrong† way. And coinciding with the attributes of a High Prole, JD8 is not ashamed and obviously doesn’t care what others think. An interesting aspect of the Redneck Neighbor case was the small hints that the author was a bit of a redneck himself. Calling the basketball hoop a â€Å"basketball goal†, telling the police officer â€Å"the next time we have a problem some damn body is going to jail†, and feeling the need to clarify what livestock is, gave the impression he was not as high class as he hoped to portray himself. What does all of this mean for marketers? It means that it is getting harder to categorize customer segments in which to market. As you can see from Redneck Neighbor, today’s consumers have unpredictable buying patterns. JD8 spends money on a luxury brand car, but not on household items. This somewhat new phenomenon is not unique to JD8. Many people splurge on higher end items like Godiva, BMW, and Whole Foods yet still go to Costco for their day-to-day needs. According to Steinhauer, â€Å"Where once they pitched advertisements primarily to a core group of customers, now they are increasingly fine-tuning their efforts, trying to identify potential customers by interests and tastes as well as income level. † Author Douglas Holt believes that the best way to capture consumers is to create stories that affect how they think about themselves in the world. This technique could be very beneficial for Middle class customers since marketers could play up on the idea of high brow society. With High Proles, marketers could take advantage of their independent mindset and pride in their advertising campaigns. Hardly anyone can argue that the classification of consumers has become more difficult over the years and the population as a whole is harder to reach. Marketers constantly need to think of new ways to get their message across and have it register within consumer minds. It is unclear what the future holds for marketers, but it is an exciting challenge to move away from the old teachings and tailor them to the constantly clashing classes of our time. Word Count: 1,277

Using Classroom Journals to Improve ESL Writing Skills Research Paper

Using Classroom Journals to Improve ESL Writing Skills - Research Paper Example The emergence of ESL programs as a school requirement, as Giridharan & Robson (n.d.) stated, has been influenced by the lack of competence of most foreign students in academic writing, which usually affects their academic performance. This is especially true for tertiary education in which students are expected to â€Å"advance their own ideas within a framework of domain or discipline knowledge and engage the reader in academic discourse† (Giridharan & Robson, n.d., p. 1). Therefore, ESL has been created to help U.S. students attain educational proficiency standards. Celic (2009), furthermore, stressed that the key to establishing effective teaching skills lies in combining proper teaching tools with strategic and results-driven teaching styles. Through ESL programs, therefore, students are not only able to enhance their academic performance, they also gain confidence to better understand, relate, and interact in their specific social environments (Smith, Vellenga et. al., 2006). Thus, it is the feeling of authentic belongingness that ESL hopes to give to its students for them to get fully immersed in the country’s culture, values, and society. The difficulty in teaching ESL writing, as most researchers today claim, lies not on the stark differences among the students’ learning abilities but on the choice of the proper approach through which writing must be taught. In this regard, ESL practitioners have recognized the two primary schools of thought for teaching ESL writing. The first one teaches writing through a systemized and process-driven approach. Proponents of this school of thought believe that by exposing the students to specific writing steps (from researching of the topic to revising the written material in accordance to grammar and syntax), they are able to develop a proper and more  disciplined manner of writing.

Recent incidences of corporate or banking scandals Essay

Recent incidences of corporate or banking scandals - Essay Example The stakeholder and societal implications were all negatively reflected towards that corporation and Mozilo himself. This is because the stakeholders of the company both primary and secondary lost faith in its operation. The secondary stakeholders were bitter and castigated the role of Mozilo in the subprime mortgage crisis. The stakeholder lost the trust they had in the corporation as the next few days the Country Financial was on the national spotlight concerning the friends of Angelo. The societal implications are that the Country Financial lost its entire business acumen in a single fault. It was now associated with many fraud and corruption on a large scale. Mozilo compensation had earlier come under scrutiny. Angelo Mozilo was charged by the U.S. Exchange and Securities Commission with securities fraud and insider trading. This made the societal implication on the corporation lead to tarnishing of the company’s name. Also, it led to the nationwide problem with the mortga ge crisis and this had adverse societal implications. It negatively affected the mortgage sector. The source of those scandals The source of the scandal can be termed as improper assessment on the part of the auditors. Additionally, there has been separation of ownership and management for corporations. This is strategically seen in that the management that was supposed to oversee the actions of the chief executive officer Angelo Mozilo was not working. This management is obviously the United States government that was actually working with the culprits in establishment of these particular noncompetitive rates at the well known Countrywide Financial. There...This has gone on to be a major problem since the level of control by politicians on leaders and presidents of large companies is overwhelming. This in the end of the day makes the managers, CEOs and the chief executives like Angelo seem weaker and puppet to these politicians. This makes them to go cahoots with them since they do not have a choice or the deals are very sweet. This should be limited thoroughly by the use of legislation and policies that are relevant and applicable with this particular matter. The degree of this fraud crime was very colossal. Angelo Mozilo was charged fines that amounted to $67.5 million and was forced to accept a lifetime ban. This ban was implemented so that he will never serve as a director or officer of any public or private company. This is a meager settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission since he is one of the people responsible directly for the 2008 financial crisis. He should have been jailed without any chances of parole so as to teach the rest of the CEOs and the directors of public companies not to repeat the same mistake again. Civil settlements should not have been applied in this scenario. This is because the event of the $67.5 million settlement saw to it that $20 million was paid by Countrywide Financial. This is because there was an indemnification agreement that existed between Countrywide Financial and Angelo’s employment contract.

Drug rehabilitation verses incarceration Research Paper

Drug rehabilitation verses incarceration - Research Paper Example In the contemporary society, there are different opinions regarding the effectiveness of incarceration in deterring crime. Critics of incarceration argue that there is a possibility of accelerating the development of anti-social behavior in individuals that are isolated from the society by virtue of their conduct. The environment in which they live may affect accomplishment of the goal of incarceration. This paper presents a critique of the two forms of dealing with drug use in the society, supporting the view that drug rehabilitation is effective than incarceration. Successful  rehabilitation  programs usually play an important role in reducing recidivism. The offenders are categorized according to the risk factors of the crime. The risk principle is significant in ensuring that the treatment and control given to the offenders match the level of risk. According to Stover (2001), risk is the possibility of the offender repeating the crime. The low risk offenders are those that have a low possibility of committing the offense for a second time. They are given relatively less intensive supervision and treatment compared to the high risk offenders who are associated with several risk factors, meaning that they have a high probability of re-offending. Incarceration is usually in-effective as regards the level of treatment and supervision given to the offenders. All the prisoners are usually treated in the same way apart from the length of imprisonment. In other words, incarceration is applied on the basis that prisons are the ultimate destiny of offenders at all levels. For example, a person convicted of drug use or rape is treated in the same treatment in the prison whereas rehabilitation would begin by assessing the level of risk to determine the probability of recidivism. Factors such as moral values, living environment and such conditions that may influence the occurrence of an offence are considered

Company Closing Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Company Closing Process - Essay Example Basically there are three procedures completed under month-end process: adjustments, calculations and reporting. Adjustment is the first step where necessary amendments are done on the financial data or information already recorded. During the month, the organization earns revenue and incurs expenses and matches the two. This practice, result in differences between the estimated amount and the actual amount of an item (Bosua & Beer, 2009). For example, interest expense incurred on the prevailing firm’s loans increase the amount to be paid (principal and interest). The original amount to be paid was the principal, while the actual amount paid at month end is the principal plus interest. Therefore, adjustment has to be made to reconcile the two amounts. Calculations After the above adjustments are made, the affected individual accounts have to be updated. The amounts for adjustment are calculated and appropriate entries made to the appropriate ledger accounts. For example, in ba nk accounts adjustment calculations, it is started with the opening balance, add on the deposits made and then subtract the debits for that month. The final figure got, reflect the actual cash balance on the bank account as opposed to the opening balance figure. Reporting After ascertaining the actual amounts of each ledger account, the figures are entered into the organizations database. The personnel responsible for the month-end procedures avails several reports reflecting the organization’s financial position in different ways, such as profit and loss statement, to the management. Year end close process The year end process refers to a set of activities the company performs to close financial books, make adjustments, correct errors and produce financial statements such as balance sheet in correspondence with existing rule and regulations such as international financial reporting standards (IFRS) and generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). These activities involve several personnel such as accountants, bookkeepers and financial manager working under guidance of senior staff (Warfield, Weygandt & Kieso, 2008). There are four basic activities completed: adjustment entries posting, error correcting, trial balance preparation and financial statement preparation. Under adjusting entries, postings are made to reflect exactly what the company made and spent of the period under review. The adjustments concern prepaid expenses and unearned revenues. Prepaid expenses refer to cash paid by the business in advance understanding that specific tasks will be performed in its favor in the future, whereas unearned revenue refers to the cash money the company accepted promising to provide services or goods at a future date. In correcting errors, the company’s management is able to remove the mathematical imprecision from the book closing mechanism. The errors are a result of regulations changes, numerical incorrectness and poor accounting rules applica tion. This is a vital activity as it is integral to the closing process of the company’s financial statements. Trial balance preparation comes after error corrections and adjustment postings. The trial balance preparation helps managers verify the accuracy of the already completed and closed accounts. The trial balance checks the total debits and credits of all the involved accounts. If the two, total debits and total credits, are equal most likely the accounts are accurate. However, it should be noted

Modern Architecture in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern Architecture in Australia - Essay Example However, Australia’s distinctive and unique climate necessitated adaptations in the architectural designs. Notable Australian adaptations include the Queenslander and Federation styles of residential architecture. Over the years, Australia has developed some iconic designs which include: the UNESCO, Sydney Opera House, and the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne. Early buildings in Australia had European fashions such as the Georgian style. This is a style that is exhibited in early government buildings and homes of the affluent. Francis Greenway, the architect who appears on the Australian ten dollar note designed early buildings in Georgian style with examples such as, the Hyde Park Barracks and St. James’ church. Further, another European style that gained fame and favour in the early 19th century in Australia was the Gothic Revival architecture which was particularly used in churches. It had its distinctive features which included pointed arches, turrets, and bat tlements and gothic ornaments. One of the best examples that exhibits this style can be seen at the lower end of Collins Street in Melbourne.1 The Australian gold rush of the mid-19th century saw major buildings especially in Sydney and Melbourne and to a minor extent in regional capitals being built in the style of Victorian architecture. Italian architecture also found favour from the period of about 1850-1893 as it allowed greater displays of prosperity through its rich and complex features such as slate roofs and cast iron work.2 A significant leap in architectural movements in Australia was the development of the Federation architecture style of the 20th century where Australia began to develop a sense of personal identity that was not related to the previous European designs. Technically, they began developing a style of their own. One of the most important local introductions to Australian architecture was the veranda which was introduced by pastoralists who took up land and built single storey houses with the addition of the veranda which provided shade and looked attractive. Like almost everywhere around the world, the movement in Australian architecture have been influenced by socio-political factors. For example, during the early 20th century, cities across Australia had placed height limits to buildings at typically 150 feet (45 metres) hence hindering the development of very tall buildings (skyscrapers) in the American style until the limits were lifted in the late 1950s3. Similarly, the Australian families sought to own their own free standing houses with space in the backyard which hence meant that high density houses were rare in Australia until the end of the 20th century. However, significant concerns were raised during the 1960s with the skyscraper boom which had led to the destruction of earlier historic buildings. A green ban was thus set in place to protect historic 18th – century buildings in The Rocks from being demolished to pav e way for office towers and also prevented the Royal Botanic gardens from being transformed into a car park for the Sydney Opera House.4 In the city of Melbourne the battle to preserve history was the one fought to preserve the Carlton from slum reclamation for setting up public housing. In the 21st century Australian architects have taken a more innovative approach to designs. Many buildings have emerged that truly reflect the unique Australian culture and values. As a result,

Portfolio of Seven Case Briefs on Different Business Law Topics Essay

Portfolio of Seven Case Briefs on Different Business Law Topics - Essay Example Reeder-Simco is a business entity that acts as a Volvo dealer in Fort Smith, Arkansas. In February of 2000, it filed suit against Volvo on the allegation that its (Reeder’s) sales and profits declined due to Volvo’s price discrimination practices. Reeder-Simco alleges that Volvo offered to other dealers price concessions that were significantly more favorable than those given to Reeder-Simco. Thus, it filed suit against Volvo for allegedly violating the Robinson-Patman Act (RPA), which prohibits forms of discriminatory pricing that reduce competition. On this basis, Reeder explained that its business is conducted in the following manner: retail customers take bids from dealers who solicit price concessions from the manufacturers. These concessions are factored into dealer’s bids. Reeder accuses Volvo of offering better price concessions to other Volvo dealers bidding for different customers, directly resulting in Reeder suffering losses. The District Court District Court allowed the case to go to a jury, who held in favor of Reeder and awarded damages. Volvo appealed the decision, arguing a lack of competition was present, which is required by the RPA to apply. Volvo substantiated its contention stating that Reeder was not actually bidding against the Volvo dealers who supposedly were given favorable concessions. The appellate court dismissed the appeal, ruling that even though Volvo dealers do not actually bid against each other, they effectively competed at the same functional level.

Engineering technology and sustainbility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Engineering technology and sustainbility - Essay Example It can be said that technological improvements are due to two reasons; one is the requirement or the necessity of such a product and the other reason is when an opportunity presents itself. It was by a natural process by which farmers around the world learned the methods of practising irrigation and also developed mechanisms to conserve the water which would be available at irregular periods during the year. (Duiker William & Spielvogel Jackson, 2010) Sometimes opportunities present itself like the case of a Chinese princess who accidentally dropped a silkworm cocoon into a cup of hot tea. The events that unfolded thereafter led to the production of silk. Another example is that of tin being discovered in Anatolia. This led to the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Middle East. (Duiker William & Spielvogel Jackson, 2010) The strategic locations of certain advanced civilizations with other developing civilizations was also a contributing factor since mutual exchange of ideas led to mo re technological advances taking place in both regions. Abbasid Empire which had its communication channels open through the Mediterranean Ocean and the Indus River valley had a robust growth in technology. In this scenario Papua and New Guinea who were one of the earliest civilizations to practise farming bananas never had any major technological advancement since it was cut off from major developing regions.( Duiker William & Spielvogel Jackson, 2010) Communication between different regions then manifested itself in many forms. Since man was always restless, the desire for mobility led him to discover the motor vehicle. This then further led to the development of the steam engine and finally the aeroplane. Source: www.eastgwillimburywow.blogspot.com This is not the only form how communication has kept changing. The advent of information technology which stands as the next best thing about the Scientific Revolution has brought about advanced computing methods which the revolutioniz ed the communication field. (Advancing Technology, 2005) Several patterns of thinking have brought about this change in information technology. Compared to the human the computer was capable of doing more work at a lower cost. The degree of accuracy obtained was of a higher quality compared to the same work done by the human hand. (Mahoney Michael et al, 1998) The time involved in such an exercise was also a small percentage of the time required to do it manually. Modern computing methods apart from offering the above advantages also increase the quality of life as a whole. Advanced computing has brought about a large degree of automation thus effectively reducing mishaps caused due to human negligence. Forecasting weather, information on the radar regarding approaching ships and banking transactions are some of the areas that information technology is playing a vital role. Source: U.S. Army Photo" Console of BRLESC-II computer, front view, from the archives of the ARL Technical Lib rary However technology has its share of criticisms. Primarily, it defines what a person should possess in order to be seen as successful in society. (Forman Paul, 2007) The answer which most would give are items that have an element of luxury like cars, television, electronic gadgets. This leads to man having materialistic leanings and unhealthy egos. Technology also tends to tamper with the laws governed by nature which produces a backlash in the natural

Puritans, Max Weber Essay Example for Free

Puritans, Max Weber Essay 1.Explain: Puritans wanted to purify the Church of England. Puritans were people who wanted to get rid of things that were not stated by Jesus Christ or by the Bible. They rejected decisions and traditions established by the Church (i.e. people). Examples: paintings of God and Jesus, rich ornaments and dà ©cor, hierarchy in Church, selling pardons. They also thought that the temples should be smaller and not so monumental. Puritans’ beliefs were a threat to the hierarchy and wealth of the English Church, so they were persecuted and unwelcome in there. They had to look for a place they could live the way they wanted. 2.Describe the Puritans who set sail to America in 1620. Majority of Puritans who set sail to America on Mayflower in 1620 was well-educated and belonged to upper middle class (they were rather rich). Those people couldn’t worship God according to their beliefs because their religion was a threat to the Church of England. Puritans were constantly persecuted and they left to Netherlands, and then to Virginia in Noth America. Their trip resembled Exodus to the promised land. Puritans called themselves Pilgrims, because it was a pilgrimage to the new world where they hoped to be free and to establish the Church there. 3.The literary genres Puritans practiced and did not practice. 4.Explain the notion of predestination and how Puritans shaped they lives according to it. Puritans believed that they don’t have any influence on whether they will go to heaven or to hell. They believe that God knows it before they are born and they can do nothing about it. (There is a paradox of free-will - although one may be a good person, he/she can still go to hell.) God may change his mind, but people cannot do anything. For Puritans, the fact that someone is rich and successful means that this person may be predestined, so they work even harder and look for success, hoping that maybe this would be a sign of their predestination. 5.What biblical events did the first Puritans in America draw parallels to? Puritans considered themselves to be like pilgrims to the Promised Land, like Jews running from Egypt to Israel. As they wanted to establish a Church they considered it to be a mission. 6.How did Max Weber compare Protestants and Catholics in terms of the notions of hard work and calling? According to Max Weber, Catholics believe that the hard work is their way to salvation. People have to work hard to be good people. Protestants, on the other hand, believe that they should work hard because it is their duty, as this is God’s will and it is useful for the whole country and society. For them it a kind of vocation. Every Protestant feels the vocation to work and to worship God (Everyone has his own mission in life – there have to be poor farmers and rich lawyers – this is God’s will and it is completely normal.) In case of Catholicism, only priests feel the vocation to serve God. 7.Explain how Max Weber analyzed in his discussion of Protestant ethics the notions of work, investment, charity, waste. Work– every Puritan has a vocation to work. It is a duty and God’s will. Work is useful for the whole society; thanks to work we make our community better. â€Å"Not leisure and enjoyment, but only activity serves to increase the glory of God, according to the definite manifestations of His will† Investment  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ If someone has money and is successful in business, it means that he is in God’s favor. Money should be multiplied not wasted and spent on unimportant things as luxuries and amusement. Charity– if someone needs charity it means that he is a beggar. If someone doesn’t work – he sins and offends God, as it is a duty to work. Supporting charity means supporting offending God. WASTE – waste of time is the worst and the deadliest sin. â€Å"Not leisure and enjoyment, but only activity serves to increase the glory of God, according to the definite manifestations of His will† – only hard work praises God an d any other activity is a waste. 8.What did a Puritan sermon look like (use in particular Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God). In the 18th and 19th centuries during the Great Awakening, major sermons were made at revivals, which were especially popular in the United States. These sermons were noted for their fire-and-brimstone message, typified by Jonathan Edwardss famous Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God speech. In these sermons the wrath of God was clearly one to be afraid of, although fear was not the message Edwards was trying to convey in his sermons, he was simply trying to tell the people that they could be forgiven for their sins. It combines vivid imagery of Hell with observations of the world and citations of scripture.

Chapter 54 Essay Example for Free

Chapter 54 Essay Chapter 54: Community Ecology Concept 54.1 Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved. 1.What is a community? List six organisms that would be found in your schoolyard community. 2.This section will look at interspecific interactions. Be clear on the meaning of the prefix! To begin, distinguish between intraspecific competition and interspecific competition. Give an example of each. Type of Competition Explanation Example Intraspecific competition Interspecific competition 3.What is G. F. Gause’s competitive exclusion principle? Give one example. 4.Define ecological niche. 5.Several species of Anolis lizards live in the same types of trees and have a similar diet. Discuss resource partitioning to explain how interspecific competition is reduced. (Study Figure 54.2.) 6.What is the difference between the fundamental niche and the realized niche? 7. Study Figure 54.5, and then explain what is meant by character displacement. (To do this, you will have to learn or review the difference between sympatric populations and allopatric populations. You will find this information in Chapter 24.) 8.Predation is a term that you probably already know. Can you give examples of some predator-prey combinations as listed below? Predator Prey Animal Animal Animal Plant Fungus Animal Bacteria Animal Fungus Example Plant 9.List three special adaptations that predator species possess for obtaining food. 10.List three ways prey species elude predators. 11.Compare the two types of mimicry. Type of Mimicry Batesian MÃ ¼llerian Description Example 12.What is herbivory? 13.Did you list any special herbivore adaptations for predation in your response to question 9? Or plant adaptations to avoid herbivory? List two adaptations for each category here. 14.Describe and give an example of each of the following interactions: Type of Interaction Description Example symbiosis parasitism commensalism mutualism 15.Which category above includes the other three? Note that other texts may define this term more narrowly. 16.Your text uses +/– symbols to indicate how interspecific interactions affect survival and reproduction of the two species. Use this notation for each of these interactions. Type of Interaction predation commensalism mutualism parasitism interspecific competition herbivory +/+, +/–, –/–, +/0 17.What is species diversity? What are its two components? Why is it important? 18.What does an ecologist summarize in a food web? 19.Know the levels of trophic structure in food chains. Give a food chain here, including four links that might be found in a prairie community, and tell the level for each organism. 20.Name every organism in the pictured food chain, and give the trophic level in the box. 21.According to the energetic hypothesis, why are food chains limited in length? How much energy is typically transferred to each higher level? 22.What is a dominant species? For the area where you live, what would be considered a dominant tree species? 24.Name one keystone species, and explain the effect its removal has on the ecosystem. 25.Explain facilitator or foundation species and give an example. You may omit bottom-up and top-down controls. Concept 54.3- Disturbance influences species diversity and composition 26. What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis? Give an example of a disturbance event, and explain the effect it has on the community. 27.Ecological succession is the changes in species that occupy an area after a disturbance. What is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession? Concept 54.4 Biogeographic factors affect community biodiversity 28. Explain latitudinal gradients in terms of species richness. Where is species richness greatest? 29.There are probably two key factors in latitudinal gradients. List and explain both here, and put a star next to the one that is probably the primary cause of the latitudinal difference in biodiversity. 30.Explain what is demonstrated by a species-area curve. 31.Renowned American ecologists Robert MacArthur and E. O. Wilson developed a model of island biogeography. While the model can be demonstrated with islands, any isolated habitat represents an island. What are the two factors that determine the number of species on the island? 32.What two physical features of the island affect immigration and extinction rates? 33.Why do small islands have lower immigration rates? Higher extinction rates? 34.Closer islands have 35.What is the island equilibrium model? 36.Use this model to describe how an island’s size and distance from the mainland affect the island’s species richness. extinction rates and immigration rates. Concept 54.4 Community ecology is useful for understanding pathogen life cycles and controlling human disease 37.Let’s pull a couple of ideas from this section: What is a pathogen? 38.What is a zoonotic pathogen? List three examples. 39.What is a vector? List three examples.

Oldtown Expansion Strategies

Oldtown Expansion Strategies The OldTown Groups (OldTown) was established in 1999 by Executive Directors, Mr. Goh Ching Mun and Mr. Tan Say Yap, who formulated OldTown own blend of 3-in-1 instant white coffee. (OldTown, 2012) OldTown commenced their business as a classic coffee shop of 3 in 1 instants white coffee in Ipoh, Malaysia under Old Town White Coffee brand name since 2005. At the following years, OldTown is divided into two segments of food services which are fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) and food and beverage (FB). At the end of year 2011, Old Town has 196 cafà © outlets in different countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and China. These 196 cafà © outlets are comprised of 79 fully owned cafà © outlets, 18 partially owned cafà © outlets, 96 franchised outlets and 3 licensed outlets. Besides, Old Town has manufactured the beverage products and exported to worldwide countries such as Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, USA, and Canada. (OldTown Annual Report, 2011) According to OldTown (2012 ), the latest updated information showed that OldTown has expanded to 205 cafà © outlets. The goal of OldTown is to let everyone enjoy every slip of authentic Malaysian Ipoh White Coffee, anytime, anywhere. (OldTown, 2012) Therefore, OldTown will continue to launch the high quality products to customers for collective vision of creating to be Asia Pacifics Leading White Coffee producer in providing high quality product to customers globally. (OldTown, 2012) The mission of OldTown is to promote their Unique Malaysian Taste- the authentic Ipoh White Coffee and continue White Coffee Legacy through continuous improvement and innovation that exceeds customer expectations. (OldTown, 2012) On the other hand, according to the OldTown (2012), the core values consist of consistency, continuity and growth, originality and creativity, respect diversities and traditions, as well as ethics and integrity. Besides, they adopt integrated business strategies and focus on five key components. The first component is to build up strong brand equity and keep customer loyalty by strengthening a nd promoting OLDTOWN brand name. Second component is to continue in expansion of cafà © network through franchise programmed locally and internationally and rely on establishment of their fully owned outlets. Third component is to strengthen the position as an operator of a major cafà © chain. Fourth component is to continue in development of a new and innovative product. Last component is to establish high standards of the quality products and services consistently to exceed the benchmark standard of quality and customers expectations. (OldTown Annual Report, 2011) 2.0 Current expansion strategy OldTown adopts different expansion strategies such as franchise, licensed, partially-owned and fully-owned strategies in different countries which include Malaysia, Singapore, China and Indonesia. (OldTown Annual Report, 2011). OldTown more focus in adopting franchise strategies since this strategy brings more successes to expand cafà © network either locally and internationally in spite of fully relying on the establishment of fully-owned outlets. (OldTown Annual Report, 2011) OldTown is implementing export of the products to other countries. Exporting allows OldTown to gain competitive advantages which are increasing the products sales performance, market shares as well as profitability (Piercy, Kaleka and Katsikeas, 1998). OldTown exports the beverages products also can expose the brand name and attract more customers from different regions. On top of that, exporting also allows OldTown to expand the customers base in global market. (Kaleka, 2011). On the other hand, exporting requires high transport fees. The cost of shipping may be a serious issue for OldTown. Shipping costs can make exporting uneconomical especially when the products are export in high volume. Furthermore, OldTown is depending on the fluctuation of transportation costs. The transport or shipping fees keep on increasing nowadays in exporting goods due to economic downturn, inflation and financial crisis. Ultimately, OldTown should be more concerns about this issue since this could be a drawback for export sales. According to Combss study (2004), in franchising strategy, an agreement is held by two independent parties whereby franchisor grants the right to franchisee to run the business in return of annual loyalty in monetary form (as cited in Miles, Aaron, Jeremy, Kelly and Di Wu, 2011). In other words, franchising is a legal regulation activity and requires compliance with federal and state franchise laws. According to the Buckless study (2011), franchising allows the franchisors to gain opportunity to entry the new markets by attracting the potential franchisees. OldTown chooses master franchise as its form of franchising is due to franchising is the most popular mode of entry into distant and cultural dissimilar market in Asia. Franchise model also provides scale to the company. OldTown currently owns 85 franchised cafà © outlets and one licensed cafe outlet in Malaysia. Revenues from these franchised outlets are earned through the initial franchise fees (RM 80k), the sales of Old towns produces, the royalties (5% of revenues) and the AP fees (3% of revenues). (Oldtown Berhad, 2011). OldTown is required to work with well-experiencing franchise lawyer to successfully establish the franchisee strategy. In order to reduce the business risks, OldTown internationalizes the business by expanding the cafà © outlets to the close countries (Aliouche and Schlentrich, 2011). Previously, OldTown is expanded from Malaysia to Singapore which is physically close to the home country. Singapore has the similar cultures with Malaysia. Cultural factors might increase the risk to the developing corporation in foreign market in accordance to Broutherss study (2002) (as cited in Aliouche and Schlentrich, 2011). The franchisors normally prefer to expand the businesses that have geographical and cultural similarities to the host country (Aliouche and Schlentrich, 2011). According to Aliouche and Schlentrich (2011), the corporation will then move gradually to the distant ones after successfully internationalize to the close country, as OldTown has. OldTown has successfully standing in Singapore with the good reputation of the products and services. After that, OldTown targeted the China and the Indonesi a market. OldTown White Coffee is definitely successful in locals where it earns Industry Excellence Award in Malaysia which organized by Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) as at 24th March 2011. Besides that, at the same year and date, OldTown also received Product Excellent Award organized by MITI, Putra Brand Award 2011 and 2012 (people choice special mention) in 2011 and 2012, and so forth (Old Town Annual repor, 2011). All these recent evidences had showed that OldTown is quite successful in locally. Based on the evidence from the study (William and James, 2009), franchising and fully-owned strategies could help in reducing costs of finding and monitoring the outlet manager. In the words of Bradach (1997), the fully-owned strategy aids in standardization; franchising gives a strong motive to locals managers (franchisee) and they are motivated to keep on improving the cafà © outlets to make it as profitable as possible (as cited in William and James, 2009). In other words, OldTown does not need to oversee the franchisee closely in protecting the franchisors image and reputation. In short, franchising allowed OldTown (franchisor) to expand and minimize the monitoring cost (William James, 2009). Besides, franchising strategy also helps to expand number of OldTown customer with faster pace (Edwards, 2011). OldTown grants the right to franchisee to operate in different countries. Therefore, by expanding the cafà © outlet in other geographical areas, this also helps OldTown to raise the customer awareness. In addition, OldTown always emphasize on brand equity. Hence, OldTown is promoting the brand name OLDTOWN through the expansion strategies. These strategies might help OldTown to gain the customers loyalty and successfully build up the brand equity, not only in Malaysia but also in other countries for instance, Singapore. Aside from these, franchising also helps OldTown to enhance competitiveness in food and beverage industry (Holmes, 2003; Joseph, 2011). Franchising spreads the risk through other people investment in different locations. Franchisee normally is the one who responsible for the loan, debt and so on, and hence, OldTown basically can minimize risk in expanding the businesses. OldTown has better expansion networks for the cafà © outlets since 2005, from a small, humble coffee cafà © to 196 cafà © outlets chain. Thus, OldTown generally could obtain the advantage of loyalties and raise the brand recognition through the ease of this type expansion strategy (Chris, 2011). By the same token, there might have a few of risks that could be faced by OldTown in adopting the franchising. The main disadvantage for OldTown in using franchise strategy is that it can be considered quite costly for the potential franchisee. Once it is implemented, franchises fee charge and ongoing royalties would cut the profits of franchisees (Sim, 2008). Besides the initial fee for agreement, original franchise fees, annual royalties, as well as a percentage of franchises business revenue, franchisees also required to pay the extra monthly fees for the franchisor (Adrian, 2010). As part of the continuing franchise agreement, on-going fees are needed to pay to the franchisor for the support, training and development which are provided by the franchisor. In the long term, it will become a restriction to the amount of profit for the franchisee. Besides, the franchisor also may charge additional fees for services provided to the franchisee, such as the cost of advertising (Ward, 20 12). Besides that, franchising also will cause the lose control right problem when the new franchisees become part of the franchise system. Sometimes, the franchisees are forced to make their own decisions in the uncertainty situation, and they might need to change the policies without make the earlier notification to the franchisor. In fact, franchisor only owns limited power to control the franchise branch and how the business runs. Furthermore, the established rules and the part of the franchise agreement, for instance, the ways of the business operation are already set up by the franchisor, it is rarely for a new franchisee to operate the business outside of these borders (Adrian, 2010). Hence, the franchisee will likely to follow the majority practices of OldTown to run the business. As a result, franchising limits the creativity of the franchisee (Sim, 2008). By adopting franchising, the issue of communications gap may arise between the OldTown and franchisee. Franchisees must follow the correct directions in order to maintain the brands image, the high level of service and so forth. If the franchisor and franchisee did not communicate well, franchisee may have misunderstanding and run the business without the proper direction. Moreover, if the franchisee unable to run the business with good quality or proper funding, it could curtail success and it will create a very unfavourable business environment as wel l. The actions and decisions of franchisees are very important because these will definite affect the OldTowns reputation, image, profession, as well as customer preference. The franchisee would rely on the brand of the business to bring a bunch of customers but OldTown is the one who need to undertake the risk. If the franchisee harms the OldTown image by serving the poor quality foods and services to the customers, it will knock on the effect of the own business. Ultimately, this could potentially damage the sales and overall profits (Adrian, 2010). According to the OldTown Annual Report (2011), the OldTown products such as beverages are more focused on the market segment which comprising professionals, managers, businessman in the age group between 30 to 50 years old. Most of the people concern with healthy conscious nowadays, Old Town also introduced healthier choices of beverage products into the marketplace, such as 2 in 1 No Sugar Added and 3 in 1 with Natural Cane Sugar coffee products. However, due to different countries have different needs, OldTown cannot oversee and control all the businesses includes the franchise outlets. Last but not least, franchise outlets need to invest in various promotion tools such as advertising, promotional and marketing campaigns to increase the OldTowns brand image as well as to enhance its brand equity value in the marketplace. These promoting activities will need a huge amount of money in order to attract the customer and retain the old customers. 3.0 Future Expansion Strategy There are some recommendations for OldTowns future expansion strategies. OldTown can continue the current strategies (franchising and exporting) and the new recommend strategies (joint venture and strategic alliances). 3.1 Franchising OldTown is using the franchising as the entry mode strategy to achieve the rapid and low-cost market expansion, either in locally or internationally. Franchising allows OldTown to get the inflow of franchise fees to expand its markets. All of the premises, equipment and all other working capital that are needed to establish a franchise unit are invested by the franchisee. Besides, OldTown also able to receive the royalty fees from the franchisees. (OldTown, 2012) OldTown is relieved of many of the costs and risks through this entry mode. OldTown can achieve global presence quickly and reduce the risk and cost of doing business via franchising, as McDonalds has. Thus, this strategy should be continued by OldTown since it had good achievements with this entry mode. (OldTown, 2012) Furthermore, OldTown would establish as master franchisee in other markets. Master franchising depend the quality of the local partner to success in another nation. Thus, OldTown should find the right local partner and sell the master franchising rights. For instance, McDonalds, KFC and others are established a master franchisee in particular country or region. (Daszkowski, 2012) Master franchisee of OldTown will oversee the management and reduce the quality control challenge in other new markets. Other than that, master franchisee also can monitor the performance of the franchisees. In fact, there are many laws and regulations implied on franchising. Different nations have different requirements in this mode of entry. The franchisor shall satisfy the 2+1 requirement in order to develop a franchise in China. The requirement means the franchisor need to own two outlets of the franchise business for more than one year. (Philip, 2010). Franchising is a new business concept in Kazakhstan and is not leveraged to its full extent. It is an opportunity for the OldTown to franchising the brand to this country. The Kazakhstani entrepreneurs find it easier to work with Russian franchisors instead of other countries franchisors. This is due to both Kazakhstan and Russian share the same language and similar tastes, ultimately reduce the localization costs in setting new franchise. (Parshina, 2009) This would be a threat for OldTown to expand its franchise into Kazakhstan. OldTown should able to justify the benefits, risks and costs before enter the particular nation. 3.2 Exporting OldTown is pursuing the exporting as the one of the mode of entry to expand to other countries. OldTown is success to expand its brand through this strategy and OldTown is encouraged to continue this mode of entry. OldTown commenced the first export of OLDTOWN brand of 3-in-1 instant coffee mix to Singapore in 2001. The following years, OldTown success to expand the export markets to over 13 countries. (OldTown, 2012) Exporting allows OldTown to increase sales and profits by fully utilize the use of existing capacities. Besides, exporting also allows OldTown to gain new knowledge and experience about the foreign countries technologies, marketing techniques and foreign competitors. (Tekle, 2007) In Malaysia, OldTown distributed the coffee mix through major hypermarkets and supermarkets (OldTown, 2012). OldTown may consider using this type distribution channel in other countries. However, OldTown needs to handle all the logistic of the transaction and spend extra costs to export the products since the transport costs are high. (Delaney, 2012) Besides the transport costs, OldTown also need to pay attention on the costs from high tariff barriers which set by the particular nation. (Hill, 2011) Additionally, OldTown obtained the HALAL certification from the Islamic Religious Department of Perak for the Groups beverages in 2002. The beverages of OldTown are complied with the Islamic Law. (OldTown, 2012) This certificate also provides extra opportunity for OldTown to export the coffee mix to Islamic countries. 3.3 Joint ventures OldTown can use joint ventures to enter a foreign market other than using franchising market entry mode in expanding the business. Joint venture is the establishment of a firm that is jointly owned by two or more otherwise independent firms (Johnson, 2000). OldTown can joint venture with Chatime in Australia in penetrating their first new market in Western country. Chatime had operated in Australia since 2009 and now has over 30 stores Australia-wide (CHATIME Autralia, 2011). Moreover, Chatime are growing fast in term of opening one new store each month on average (CHATIME Autralia, 2011). Based on Chatimes record in successful penetration to foreign market, OldTown can penetrate to Australia by joint venture with Chatime. Joint ventures will help OldTown in getting local partners knowledge regards the host country competitive condition, language, cultures, political systems, and business systems. If OldTown expands their business without further exploring to the particular country history, competitive condition, political systems, business systems and cultures, OldTown will face lots of barrier to entry to the new market. This will also cause OldTown to have a wrong timing of entry or loss the opportunity chance in penetrating to the particular foreign market. (Hill Hernandez-Requejo, 2011) In addition, joint venture is good to be practiced by OldTown due to the costs and risks of opening a foreign market are shared. It can help OldTown in reducing the necessary costs such as initial capital requirement, transportation costs, advertising costs, operational costs, and extra cost charge by the certain local government for set up a new business in country. Therefore, by having a partner in reducing the costs, OldTown will face lesser risks for setting up the business in new market at foreign country. (Hill Hernandez-Requejo, 2011) Other than that, joint venture also allows OldTown to learn about a new market environment. If OldTown can success to become an insider in the country, it may help OldTown to increase the level of commitment and exposure in future. This will help OldTown to improve the image and reputation. Besides, OldTown also can penetrate to other foreign market in future with easier way and reduce lots of entry barriers. (Keegen Green, 2011) From this point of view, by joint venture with Chatime, it will help OldTown in building up their brand name. Although joint venture may cause the company do not have the tight control over subsidiaries that it might need to realize the experience curve or location economies. But, due to OldTowns management team is led by professionals and founders who have more than 20 years experience in the particular industry, it is believed that OldTown management team is more than capable and passionate to anchor OldTown towards more successes in the future. (Kenanga Research, 2012) 3.4 Strategic alliances The changes in political, economic, social cultural and technological environments make strategic alliances have the relative importance for a company to choose as an entry mode to foreign countries (Keegen Green, 2011). China businesses are stable and growing (OSK Research, 2012). OldTown intends to replicate the popularity of its coffee brand from Hong Kong to China with promoting the OldTown brand (OSK Research, 2012). OldTown found that the FB business in China is well carrying by having average spend per customer of 40-50% higher than the businesses in Malaysia (OSK Research, 2012). Other than that, demands of OldTown FMCG products remain tough. In addition, with the new added menu such as soup, OldTown found that China prospects seem capable at this point in time for penetration (OSK Research, 2012). OldTown believe that its business in China have to expand more rapidly than its competitors to ensure its company foundation can be strongly build (OSK Research, 2012). OldTown is setting up a new food processing centre as part of its expansion in penetrating Chinese food and beverage market in China (Ho, 2012). OldTown can use strategic alliances as their entry mode in penetrating to China, forming a strategic alliance with Secret Recipe in China. Secret Recipe had successfully established its brand name in China by virtue of its fine quality cakes, fusion food and distinctive service (Secret Recipe, 2012). This strategic alliance also allow OldTown in gaining extra knowledge from Secret Recipe regards the culture, political, and economic system in China without carry out a costly detailed research in China (Keegen Green, 2011). There are several advantages of using strategic alliance as the entry mode for OldTown in penetrating to foreign country. The advantages are sharing benefits of alliance as well as control performance of assigned tasks, long-term strategies is formed between two companies, and retain national and ideological identities when competing in markets not covered by alliance. (Hill Hernandez-Requejo, 2011) 4.0 Conclusion There must be reason when local coffee shop like OldTown able to success in highly competitive market. OldTown do not bond itself in its current expansion strategy, like franchise, fully-owned outlets and export the products. Meanwhile, depending on 1 expansion strategy is less flexible and too risky. OldTown current strategies had lots of advantages as well as drawbacks. Firstly, Franchising is a popular mode of entry to local and the foreign market. OldTown master franchise because of high revenues get from initial franchise fees, royalties, sales and AP fees. Next, export the products could gain competitive advantages by exposing their brand name and attract more customers from different regions by raising customer awareness, expand the customers base in global market. While, both franchising and fully-owned strategies, has advantage OldTown in reducing costs, attract for recruitment and attract potential franchisee. In the other side, Franchising also bring drawbacks like franchisee has limited freedom and creativity was limited by franchisor. There may be communications gap between franchisor and franchisees in decisions making and it could ruined the name of franchisors. Normally, company will be choosing to expand to close countries first because of the similarity in terms of geographically and culturally. OldTown needs to have product creativity to fulfill different country needs, and customer in different segments. It is good to continue the franchising and exporting strategy for OldTown since both strategies bring lots of positive outcomes, gains and profits. Both strategies had relieved many of the costs and risks, both strategies should be continued by OldTown since it had good achievements with this entry mode. Between Joint Venture and Strategic alliances is the potential of OldTown to expand to foreign countries, Joint venture could reduce the barrier to entry, reducing the necessary costs such as extra cost charge by the certain local government, in the mean time, increase the level of exposure of OldTown in that particular country. Strategic alliances enable OldTown to have long term strategy business in other country. Business nowadays is not only need to focus on customer and service, OldTown needs to follow the latest business trend and be flexible in showing high adaptability to changes. Besides, OldTown has seen the importance of contributions to the community, environment and its investors, as well as the business ethical for its well name or reputations.

The American Clock Essay -- Literary Analysis, Arthur Miller

Arthur Miller is a social dramatist who reflects his outlook on the US government, in many of his plays. The Great Depression had a lasting influence on him, which he portrays in â€Å"The American Clock†. Because he was so deeply impacted by the Depression and the government’s role in it, Miller mocks the idealism of the American dream in â€Å"Death of a Salesman† and â€Å"A View from the Bridge†. Due to his unjust condemnation as a Communist during the McCarthy Era he accuses the faulty court system as culpable. Miller creates John Proctor in, â€Å"The Crucible† as a victim during the Salem Witch Trials, to represent himself during the Red Scare. In his plays, Miller’s characters deal with injustices in order to express Miller’s view that American law is artificial. Miller exploits law as a common theme in his plays to express his outlook about its corruption. He portrays injustice done to the ‘common man and the confinement of America in â€Å"All My Sons† and â€Å"Death of a Salesman†. Miller reflects his political views in his works, by writing about individualism and his experiences. In many of his works, Arthur Miller expresses contempt for the government, which he holds responsible for his childhood poverty, during the Great Depression, and adult persecutions. The Great Depression had an immense impact on Arthur Miller, which he reflects in â€Å"The American Clock†, among other works. After the stock market crash of 1929, the Miller family’s financial comfort drastically changed. Lannone illustrates their extreme change in lifestyle, â€Å"The Depression struck the family hard†¦the garment business of Miller’s father began to decline†¦the family relocated to a dead-end street in the Gravesend neighborhood of Brooklyn, where their once-prosperous life became ... ...rays injustice done to the ‘common man and the confinement of America in â€Å"All My Sons†. In â€Å"All My Sons†, Joe attempts to defend his actions during the war, â€Å"Who worked for nothing in that war? It’s dollars and cents, war and peace†¦ half the goddamn country is gotta go if I go† (Miller 150). Here, Miller portrays his view that society is corrupt. This, he explains, is due to big businesses and the government’s negative influence and failure to aid small businesses, like his father’s during the Great Depression, which failed. Joe says, â€Å"That’s the way they do George. A little man makes a mistake and they hang him up by the thumbs. The big ones become the ambassadors† (Miller 411). The ‘big ones’ represent big businesses and the government, which is evident in Miller’s intentional use of the word ‘ambassador’ to create a governmental connotation.

Business Law Essay -- essays research papers

It is a question concern the law of contracts in particular, the law of misrepresentation. It is my objective to identify the difficult concept of different kind of misrepresentation and analyze why it is problematic. Misrepresentation is a false statement designed to encourage the other party to enter a contract. To prove a statement to be a misrepresentation, 7 essential conditions must be satisfied: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A statement must be made by word or conduct. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The statement must be factual. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The statement must be false. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The offeree must have reasonable relied on the statement. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The offeree must have been misled by the statement. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The statement must be material to the contract. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The statement must be a factor in including the offeree to enter a contract. In the law of misrepresentation, there are three kinds of misrepresentation. Fraudulent misrepresentation can be illustrated by Polaroid Far East Ltd. v Bel Trade Co. Ltd. (1990), where BTC, who was offered a special discount price by promising not export or re-export their product, re-exported PFEL ¡Ã‚ ¦s films to North America and Europe. It was held that BTC had devised a deliberate scheme to buy film at a lower price and to re-export it, and were liable for fraudulent misrepresentation. Fraudulent misrepresentation simply ...

The Complex Character of King Richard II Essays -- Richard II Richard

The Complex Character of King Richard II A general conclusion of most critics is that Richard II is a play about the deposition of a "weak and effeminate" king. That he was a weak king, will be conceded. That he was an inferior person, will not. The insight to Richard's character and motivation is to view him as a person consistently acting his way through life. Richard was a man who held great love for show and ceremony. This idiosyncrasy certainly led him to make decisions as king that were poor, and in effect an inept ruler. If not for this defect in character, Richard could be viewed as a witty, intelligent person, albeit ill-suited for his inherited occupation. Immediately the reader is shown the adoration of ceremony and drama that Richard holds. He hears the accusations brought to him by his cousin Bolingbroke and Mowbray. Mowbray fearing impartiality on the kings part is reassured by Richard: "impartial are our eyes and ears./ Were he my brother, nay my kingdom's heir...Now by my scepter's awe I make a vow. (I.i.120-123). Notice the love Richard has of his power and of the ceremony itself that the kingship brings with three words, "my scepters awe". Interestingly until this point Richard has used the royal "we" in his speech; here it becomes his personal status. Additionally, he asks them to "be ruled by me" (i.i157) and follows this line with clever poetry. "Lets purge this choler without letting blood./ This we prescribe, though no physician;/ Deep malice makes too deep incision." (I.i.158-160). Richard is showing off his poetic talents, not necessarily his kingly talents. There seems to be a strong feeling that he enjoys this display of his talent. At this point the reader may be amused and entertained by his ... ... He was though very inconsistent. He lapses into moods and publicly displays his feelings. Inconstancy is not the way to rule a country. His entrance into "reality" stems from his adversity with Bolingbroke. Would Richard have matured if not faced with the opposition of Bolingbroke. Sadly the answer seems to be no. Richard was consistently acting through his reign, yet that was his true personality. Such is the paradox that is Richard II. Works Cited Calderwood, James L. and Howard E. Tolvier, eds. Essays in Shakespearean Criticism. NJ:Prentice Hall, Inc. 1970 Cubeta, Paul A., Twentieth Century Interpretations of Richard II. NJ:Prentice Hall, Inc. 1971 Dean, Leonard F., ed. Shakespeare Modern Essays in Criticism. New York:Oxford University Press. 1967 Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Richard The Second. New York: Washington Square Press. 1962

Aluminium is the third most common element on Earth after oxygen and silicon

Aluminium is the third most common element on Earth after oxygen and silicon. The aluminium industry had a Gross Domestic Product of $3.1 billion in1997/98, ranking the aluminium industry amongst Australia's leading manufacturers and employs over 16000 people directly. The total value of export earnings was about $6.3 billion in 1998/99, second only to coal as an export industry for Australia. These facts underline the fact that the aluminium industry is a major asset to Australia and is world competitive. Aluminium is important to us currently and is used from everything from soft drink cans to car bodies to window frames. Aluminium is lightweight, strong, long-lasting, highly corrosion resistant as a protective oxide coating is naturally generated, is an excellent heat and electricity conductor, has good reflective properties, is very ductile, completely impermeable and odourless and totally recyclable. Despite this, less than 200 tonnes in 1885 were produced compared to approximately 22 million tonnes in 1998 – plus some 5 million tonnes of recycled Aluminium. This is because aluminium is so highly oxidized that it can be only refined using huge amounts of electricity and electricity did not become readily available until this century. Thus, it is known as the metal of the 20th century. There are three process involved in the manufacture of Aluminium: Bauxite mining, alumina refinery and aluminium smelting. Raw Materials – Cryolite (Na3AlF6). Sodium Aluminium Fluoride. This reduces the temperature needed to electrolyse the aluminium reducing the cost. It was originally obtained from mines in Greenland, but the supply has depleted and it is now produced synthetically. – Aluminium fluoride (AlF3), calcium fluoride (CaF2) and Lithium Fluoride (LiF) which play the part of reducing the melting point of the mixture. – Alumina (Al2O3). This is obtained from bauxite, a red rock-like material, which also contains a lot of unwanted substances. Bauxite is mined in Western Australia, Queensland and Northern Territory. Bauxite mining leaves a lot of barren areas which will be investigated later. Bauxite and alumina are stored in storage bunkers. To produce aluminium metal, bauxite has to be concentrated, thus removing most impurities. Bauxite is crushed and washed to remove some of the clay and sand then dried in kilns. This is because crushed bauxite is easier to transport. The ore is loaded onto trucks, railway cars, or conveyor belts and transported to ships or refinery. The concentration of bauxite into alumina is called the Bayer process as shown below. Note that the red mud from the refinery must be carefully disposed of and this will be explore in Environmental factors. The Chemical Process To refine aluminium from alumina which contains both aluminium and oxygen, electrolysis is used, in a process known as the Hall-Heroult process. Alumina has to be liquefied (it is mixed with cryolite to reduce melting temperatures) and each cell is supplied with four to six volts and 150,000 amps of electricity. The sequence of creation is: All pots are covered so that exhaust gases are drawn into a large fume duct (will be explored later). As this involves consumable anodes, the pots cannot be sealed and every time a pot is opened, a small quantity of volatile gases escapes. For the safety and comfort of workers, the potroom needs to be well ventilated and the workers need breathing protection equipment. So much electricity is needed in this process that many smelters are located near hydro-electric plants or have their own power stations such as Alcoa which mines brown coal to generate electricity that meets 50% of its energy requirements. Approximately 16 kWh of energy is needed to produce one kg of molten metal in the Hall-Heroult Process compared to a theoretical energy of 6.34 kWh per kg of molten metal. Two main causes of this are the reoxidation of aluminium metal by carbon dioxide and high temperature, as well as side reactions wasting energy. Computers are now being used to monitor each pot continuously and set a best voltage for any particular condition reducing energy consumption. Covering the top of the anodes with an insulator to prevent them burning off and improved quality of carbon anodes reduces energy loss. Australia's comparatively has a low consumption of power for each kilogram of aluminium produced. Research is currently being done to find an alternative extraction process and the two main ways are through carbon reduction and electrolysis of aluminium chloride. The Product Aluminium, Al a Group III element is the product that results. Its properties and uses were discussed above. Other than the pure substance, alloys are also made containing copper, magnesium, manganese, chromium, silicon, nickel, iron and zinc. Quality control issues include the issue that normal refining processes do not remove all the impurities from aluminium, so most commonly used industrial aluminium already has small amounts of impurities alloyed with it. Fortunately, this makes aluminium stronger but remains easy to bend. Some alloys are less suitable for extrusion than others, requiring higher pressures, allowing only low extrusion speeds and/or having less than acceptable surface finish and section complexity. Aluminium sheets which are rolled from ingots are not flat when produced from the rolling mills. To flatten it, they are stretched between heavy-duty hydraulically-operated grips. A Micro Alignment Telescope with sweep optical square is used to check the flatness within specified tolerance to ensure the quality. One random sample for each batch of the aluminium and its alloy ingots undergo an optical spectrometry analysis to ensure that the results lie within the limits determined by Australian specification. The by-products and waste products of this product are carbon dioxide and fluoride gases as well as sulphur and nitrogen oxides. Carbon dioxide gas is a greenhouse gas and large amounts of fluorides are toxic. Sulphur and nitrogen oxides are acid rain gases. Therefore these need to be controlled and this will be investigated below in Environmental Factors. The aluminium and its alloy ingots or its processed equivalents are packed and distributed through shipping. Approximately 78% of all aluminium produced in Victoria is exported. Location Australia has six aluminium smelters located in Tasmania (one), Victoria (two), New South Wales (two) and Queensland (one). However Bauxite mines are in Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia. This is because the energy costs are too high to set up a plant near the mines but in Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales electricity is cheap. As lots of electricity is used in the electrolysis, it is cheaper to transport the bauxite to the smelters than to set up a smelter near the mines and pay higher costs for electricity. Other factors that are taken into account include the labour force available (generally higher near cities), transportation of the aluminium produced (so the smelter has to be near ports, railway stations or highways), geographic factors (smelters are built in residential areas where the land is cheap) and legal factors (whether the sounds and the activities such as the fumes released and the transportation of aluminium using trucks would affect nearby residential properties who could sue). Environmental By recycling aluminium, approximately 95% of the energy (approximately 2 billion kWh of electricity) otherwise required to produce the primary metal aluminium can be saved. This makes the aluminium cheaper to manufacture as well as reduce the rapid depletion of non-renewable fossil fuels to produce electricity. When land is mined for Bauxite, active reforestation must be carried out to ensure the stability of the environment as well as ensuring that the soil left over doesn't erode and cause mud slides. Extreme care must be taken with the handling and disposal of red mud from the refineries. This is usually pumped into dams which are sealed with impervious material to prevent pollution of surrounding countryside. The manufacture of aluminium produces carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, fluoride gas, a toxic gas and other exhaust gases (such as the sulphur and nitrate oxides) that can potentially be harmful. To combat their pollution, all pots are covered and the fumes are drawn into a fume duct where the gases pass through beds of alumina which adsorbs over 99%of the fluoride. All cryolite needs to be manufactured synthetically and suitable fluorides are expensive and so they need to be recovered. The gases then pass through dust filter bags and a dry scrubber and treatment facilities to remove the greenhouse and other gases and only clean air is released. Although manufacture of aluminium uses a lot of energy and other options to mine aluminium are being investigated (as shown above), the use of aluminium itself has saved a large amount of energy because they are strong and light. It is estimated that 1,230 litres of petrol was saved in cars that used 64 kg of aluminium instead of other metals and this saved more than five times the energy required to produce each kilogram of aluminium used in the car.

Managerial issues in managing an organization’s IS infrastructure Essay

Managerial depicted objects in managing an brass sections IS root wordIntroduction An breeding frame refers to an integrated collection of comp whizznts that serve up in collecting, storage, and processing of data into meaningful in initialiseion that is distri only whened to organic laws in the right format for the purpose of making decisions. Organizations shoot apply of selective breeding schemes for the purposes of carrying out and managing their twenty-four hour period to day operations, interacting with their customers and suppliers to give an transcription an upper pass on in competitive markets. training arrangements ar rattling delicate because of the sensitive selective randomness that is stored in them. For this reason, dedicated comers argon inevitable to manage cultivation clays. This paper is do to focus on managerial way outs associated with managing an memorial tablets cultivation remains infrastructure. al approximately of the manager ial issues include The amount of resources to manage in form of data has change magnitude greatly. Recently, the amount of data being produced and bear on by organizations has tremendously increased. This carrys that the IS managers exercise a lot of caution when dealing with training systems because passage of this data means a big loss to the organization. For example, a connections server may tick off reading about tout ensemble the business concern transactions done by the gild with a period of more than one year. Also with the growing data stored by a firm, more skills and experience atomic number 18 required. The increasely changing engineering makes both(prenominal) ironware and computer package of an organization old within a very diddle period of time. This means that the study system managers will keep on purchasing juvenile software and hardware-this makes the sector very expensive to manage. Also the changing technology calls for continuous learning. The managers are required to go back to class and update themselves with new technologies. This is not only very inconveniencing but as well time consuming. some other managerial issue associated with managing an organizations information systems infrastructure is grammatical construction of a Responsive and adaptive information system Infrastructure. Systems that reacts to disparate situations in different ways and also that can be easily customized to be applied in a different sector should be developed. For example, when a system module of fails, the system is expected to provide the user with information that might have caused the failure.in addition, in expression of failure of the system, it should respond quickly by guiding the user on what to do. The system should also be in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a way that it adapts to changing functions and user needs. Another issue associated with managing an organizations IS infrastructure is underdeveloped and Managing D istributed Systems. Firms with m whatever another(prenominal) branches cannot be operated as a single social unit but rather as a distributed system whereby its run can be accessed anywhere. It is a challenge to manage a distributed system and ensure that same services are available in all the branches of the firm with the same ease and response. Another managerial issue in managing an organizations IS infrastructure is planning and managing intercourse theory networks. According to Watson (1997), use of technology for talk and processing information heavily depends on access to suitable external and indispensable communication networks. It is difficult to manage communication networks because of the many challenges associated with them. Many hackers target information systems communications networks and therefore managing IS infrastructure. According to Brancheau (1996), recruiting and developing information system human Resources is issue associated with managing an organiz ations IS infrastructure. Currently, there is a high shortage of qualified information system personnel which continue to queer the security of many firms IS infrastructure. Many people shy from information technology jobs because of its demanding nature- the IS personnel are require to stay up to date with emergent technologies like communication networks, multimedia interfaces, object-based developing and distributed systems. This calls for more continuous training of which many people are not ready. Information system managers are also set about with the challenge of improving Information guarantor and Control amid the many IT security holy terrors. With the increasing number of cyber-crime related cases, it is now a challenge for IT managers to manage the IS infrastructures with ease. This is because anytime the information system infrastructure is at a threat of being hacked (Niederman 1991). Preventative maintenance is an issue in managing an organizations Information sy stem infrastructure. IS software and hardware has to be nurseed from threats. For example, up to date antivirus software is required to protect IS software and hardware from virus attack. This is expensive in both time and finance required because the antivirus has to be kept up to date (Alavi 1999). Managing an organizations Information system infrastructure is also a challenge because the software and hardware used must bewilder to the set international IS industry standards such as OSI and CISCO. Developing an IS that does not adjust to the set IS international standards may sham things like data flow and make the firms information system easy to hack (valacich 2014). Globalization is also an issue that affects concern of organizations Information system infrastructure. The development of information systems has changed the world to a village. Globalization leads to fleet spread of cybercrimes, viruses among other threats. There are many managerial issues associated with man aging an organizations Information system infrastructure most of which may lead to financial loss to the organization. Issues like virus attacks and cybercrimes are very rampant and actions should be taken to work on them. A firms IS manager should take all the necessary actions to protect the information system infrastructure from any kind of threat.ReferencesAlavi, M., &Leidner, D. E. (1999).Knowledge management systems issues, challenges, and benefits. Communications of the AIS, 1(2es), 1.Brancheau, J. C., Janz, B. D., &Wetherbe, J. C. (1996).Key issues in information systems management 1994-95 SIM Delphi results. Mis Quarterly, 225-242.Niederman, F., Brancheau, J. C., &Wetherbe, J. C. (1991). Information systems management issues for the 1990s. MIS quarterly, 475-500.Valacich, J. S., Schneider, C., & Jessup, L. M. (2014).Information systems today managing in the digital world. Pearson.Watson, R. T., Kelly, G. G., Galliers, R. D., & Brancheau, J. C. (1997).Key issues in informat ion systems management an international perspective. diary of Management Information Systems, 91-115.Source chronicle

Child and adolescent health Essay

The two most important factors influencing adolescent’s developments are psychological wired and environmental factors. As they grow, they are influenced by environmental factors such as religion, culture, Schools and religion. The psychological many factors that influence their development includes cognitive and emotional other factors (Hall & Braverman, 2014).In the western society, what is missing that would benefit mental health promotion for the adolescents is a focused attention on the diseases clinical most adolescents experience, and the risk factors keyword with their root causes.In case that you or your kid is undergoing mental health difficulties, visit apply your GP or find out more regarding comprehensive CAMHS about the Young Minds web site.There are several areas how that must be addressed when taking sexual history of adolescents. According to Hal & Braverman, (2014), â€Å"5 Ps† are used as a general useful guide for taking the sexual history of ado lescents.Partners- questions should ask the sex, total number and concurrency, sex partners of the adolescentsPractices-the nurse should explore sexual activity other types that the adolescent pained engages in such as oral, anal logical and anal sexProtection- the questions should ask about the teenager’s use condoms and the circumstances own making it easier or harder to use he condomsPast american history of STD-the nurse should ask about the STD history of the teenager. These includes whether the teens old has ever contracted the STDs in Pregnancy.They might not have a natural tendency to commit to day-to-day practice sessions if your poor kid is not interested in turning into a pianist.

Lastly, when leave taking sexual history, one need to consider the partners, practice, and protection, past history of STD logical and prevention.ReferencesHall, C., & Braverman, P. K.Get advice if youre concerned your kid is in danger of hurting themselves or others.(2014). Hot topics in early adolescent health.Merrick, J. (2014).While the approach of the team is they operate in tandem.

adoptive Parents and guardians play a massive role in how our therapy.Adolescents are confronting difficult dilemmas that they will great need to decide for themselves.They are working with a whole body that is beginning to produce their masculine gender evident.Therapy can offer help if you believe you total want help to communicate to your teenager better.

Its thought to be a kind of term psychotherapy that places emphasis on the family system start with the aim of affecting change in the family structure.Behavior therapy is comparable.It many Challenges Adolescence attracts a host of psychological adjustments and challenges.Promoting and self protecting the wellness of children is a target in itself.

Law Revision Kit Certified Public Accountants Essay

on the unhurt RIGHTS RESERVED. No function of this bycome whitethorn be reproduced, stored in a recovery ashes or genetical in either breed or by all means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other without the earlier pen go for of the secure owner. This result may not be lent, resold, employ or otherwise wedded of by any(prenominal) demeanor of slew without the preliminary scripted con direct of the secure owner. THE REGISTERED boldnessEES STRATHMORE pedagogy TRUST 1992 instructions FOR STUDENTSThis athletic field pull spur is mean to serve place tuition students in their indep decisionent studies. The rail line has been upset(a) drink down into cardinal lessons from separately bingle of which should be considered as somewhat one week of learn for a liberal measure student. do fake the bread and butter problems verificatory your dissolvent with the suggested firmness of purpose contained at the blanket of the distance development pack. When the lesson is finish upd, buy out the like outgrowth for individually of the hobby lessons.At the end of lessons 2, 4, 6 and 8 in that respect is a all-around(prenominal) fitting that you should complete and postulate for print to the outer space eruditeness administrator. accounting entry summons1.After you down accomplished a complete engagement hearably learn each motion and come your pages.2.If you do not downstairsstand a parcel of the line of products case or an designation wonder evince this in your coiffe so that your patsy behind act to your problem areas. Be as precise as possible.3.Arrange the indian lodge of your pages by research way out and suffer them steadfastly to the info rag provided. enough mold moldiness be stick on to the envelope.4.While postponement for your assigning to be pronounced and returned to you, conduct to work by the future(a) ii lessons and the alike(p) living pr oblems and blanket(prenominal) assignment.On the shutdown of the polish comprehensive assignment, a both-week period of time of rewrite should be carried out of the whole tier employ the somatic in the modification discussion section of the field of study pack. At the closedown of this period, the last sneer scrutiny root should be correct under interrogative sentence conditions. This should be sent to the outperform erudition executive director to come in in capital of Kenya at to the lowest degree tailfin weeks in the lead the fitting of your session the KASNEB questions. This newspaper go away be marked and stick on back to you at bottom two weeks of pass along by the quad breeding Administrator. adjudgementWe thankfully acknowledge authority to plagiarize from the prehistoric testing document of the succeeding(a) bodies Kenya Accountants and Secretaries case Examination control panel (KASNEB) contract fetch of care Accountants (CIM A) rent connecter of certified Accountants (ACCA).

Evaluate the Information Processing Models to Learning, Distingush the Main Features of the Multi-Store Model Essay

The primary(prenominal) farce of this boldness is to roll an evaluation of the teaching treat stupefys to education and paid grumpy charge to experiences of the multi- computer fund baby-sit. gibe to Ashcraft (1994) culture affect mold is a fabric use by cognitive psychologists to rationalize and pick up moral marches. The multi- retentions role ideal propounded by Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968) is a unequivocal pattern of remembrance, which describes retrospect in name of breeding silken d genius and d ane a dodging. b bely the baffle is non without flaws, as it possesses weaknesses as try out be critic in ally skunkvas in this evaluation.The selective cultivation treat sit down concentrates on how info from the surround by means of the minds is tasteful and utilized by the brain.Schunk(1996) posits that the culture bring simulations be motley supposititious sights traffic with the date and death penalty of cognitive even ts, principally sort on how mass counterbalance to environmentalstimuli, encode, shop, and witness when needed. thus enceinte the perspective that scholarly persons be busy seekers and exactlyt oners of knowledge. The feed of nurture in the beginning bunghole be traced from the environmental stimuli. These ar unsandedfangled sends and figures that we bewilder from the adjoin development our senses. A stimulant drug loafer run for from our senses to the little(a) annals, when we allowance aid to the stimulus, and thus our internal butt begins. concord to qualification (2001) scholarship becomes the process of re-sentencing our emblematic representations to retentivity where on that point whitethorn be touch on and the down the stairsstand of instruction is in the beginning done the written report of holding The multi-store deterrent causa is a classical flummoxling of stock which was draw out that depot is do up of a ser ies or stores and tuition is bear upon and stored in triplet stages videlicet receptive, minuscule enclosure and foresightful conditionination keeping. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) describes retentiveness in basis of menstruum through and through a musical arrangement. learning enters the afferent remembering through detecting environmental stimuli by the sense organs, so through the process of trouble and intuition moves to the mindless-run storehouse. through with(predicate) report the entropy may be pointred to keen-sighted status wargonhousing, and if non rehearsed it is indeed mazed from get around-run through the process of work shift or decayMcLeod,2007) sensational fund is a brief store of reading from the environment,brinytaining a epoch of a eviscerate to fractional of a second(Fieldman,2010) The sensory register picks up all the environmentalstimuli stint our senses.The electrical competency of th sensory store is rather large,although it lone(prenominal) lasts for milliseconds, as it holds education associated with the senses.If our works retentiveness is relatively lighten of work,we might dedicate anxiety to the pertly gossip and if non, so we would non mark or we pronto lay to rest the new info(Baddeley and Hitch,(1974).The new(prenominal) chief(prenominal) gambol of this set is the abruptly-run reposition,which is a pro tempore store for a trammel do of study and stores from a season of 0 to 18 seconds,(Fieldman,2010). In this computer retention culture is encoded in the main as echoic. Baron, (2001) postulates that short-run remembering ass suitcase nigh 7 objects at once, but this cease be change by chunking, which is the pigeonholing of items into chunks and this instruction can be hold by recital or companionship of the nurture you be nerve-wracking to retrieve with already alert knowledge. in that respectfore the short- experimental condit ion retention becomes resilient as this is where intelligence exists and sentiment is done. yearn shape memory is the triad main feature of the perplex,which represents our durable landmarkinal of instruction,and its capacity is un hold in(Ashcraft,1994). There are leash categories of eagle-eyed consideration memory, semantic(for literal breeding and subject matter), divided memory(for events) and procedural memory for how to do things. The medical prognosis of breeding range the huge margin memory check to Driscoll(1994) depends upon the length of the pass a ample and familiarity of it with entropy already stored.The study stance of this personateing is found on its strength to personate a intromission on new(prenominal) studies as memory studies proffer license to concentrate the bank bill surrounded by short status and tenacious time. Mcleod (2007) posits that the fashion gravel is potent as it has generated a parcel of inquiry in to memory. Further more(prenominal), studies of amnesiacs in any case back up the infixed of this place. This tell the relevancy of the teaching bear upon moulding tolearning as it is consistant with empirical findings and provides an splendid role model for spirit the principles of rough-and-ready learning.The culture affect model is besides cursed for everyplace simplifying facts and does not written report for the instance of information processed. The operative memory is tempered as a frank store of memory. This office is contradicted by Baddeleys(2001) model of works memory which consists of ternary components, theexecutory loop, and ocular spatial sketchpad,with uses which commute from selecting inflowing information, trammel touch and constructing meaning through inferences and later on channel the processed information to foresightful landmark or cancel it from the memory system altogether. therefrom, disrespect that, the information touch mo del provides a conceptual model which condones the disparate functions and constrains on gentlemans gentleman memory it fails to greet that the short verge memory and capacious end point are more composite than previously assumed.The interactions among short- full term memory and massive term memory were under emphasise and do not fork among levels in the capacious term memory,and of gist does not explicate how the long term influences short term and sensory memory. Mcleod (2007) visioned the model as a one bureau or linear with pixilated ways of operation, and as well as argues that rehearsal is besides undecomposable to account for the transfer of information. Schraw (2001) articulate that some(prenominal) reclaimable name take up been actual to elaboratecognitive impact oddly in working(a) memory, for example the limited cognitive resources and tutelage resources, which serve well explain why on that point are differences between one learner a nd another.Therefore these and the fact that it is only a model and thither is not in reality a way to strain its true, contributes to the view point that the information treat model has significant.In conclusion, the information process model gives the leash merry stages of information processing, which are crackingly regarded in most youthful studies as they break provided a cloth for understanding principles of effectual learning. Therefore despite the great come of flaws the model is quite an significant. telephone extension1. Ashcraft,M.H (1996), gentleman entrepot and Cognition, Harpercollins College DIV 2. Atkinson, R. C., and Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). kind memory A proposed system and its dominate processes, sensitive York academic Press. 3. Baddeley, A .D. and Hitch, G.(1974). working(a) memory, saucy York academic Press. 4. Baddeley,A.D.(1998).Human Memory,theory and Practice. capital of MassachusettsAllyn and Bacon 5. Baron, R.A(2001) psychological scien ce, newfound DelhiDorling Kindersley 6. Driscoll, M.P. (1994) Psychology Of reading For Instruction, capital of MassachusettsAllyn and Bacon 7. Fieldman,S.R (2010)Understanding Psychology,MacGraw-Hill 8. Schunk, D.H (1996) erudition theories(2nd edition) young jerseyMerrill 9. http//www.simplypsychology.org/multi-store.html